Moscow after the explosions. Ethnic cleansings.
September-October 1999.

Since August 1999, coinciding with the start of military activity in Dagestan, and particularly after the bombings of residential homes in Moscow on September 9 and 13, mass, flagrant violations of human rights of citizens have been taking place in Moscow and Moscow region under the pretext of searching for terrorists and preventing new bombings. These actions are of a systemic and centralized nature and cannot be characterized as simply individual violations on the part of local authorities; they are a flagrant violation of existing legislation and are openly discriminatory - that is aimed at persons of a certain racial or ethnic group. The nature of the measures taken by Moscow authorities do not bring about order and safety and assist in crime-fighting, but on the contrary, contribute to the growth of tension, causing ethnic hostility.

Illegal Introduction of Elements of a State of Emergency

Completely overlooking the statements of President Boris Yeltsin that state activities should be carried out in strict observance of the Russian Constitution and Russian laws, Moscow authorities introduced an extraordinary regime in the city as of September 13,which included, among other measures, a strengthening of the rules related to temporary stay in Moscow to be applied to new arrivals in the city. In spite of the fact that the perpetrators of the bombings had not been identified, Yury Luzhkov expressed his complete assurance that the terrorist acts had not performed by Muscovites, and promised to implement the strictest measures toward the city’s ‘guests.’ It was announced that all citizens temporarily staying in Moscow had to undergo re-registration within a three-day period; if no t, the authorities would be forced to expel them from the city.

Because the relevant order of the Mayor of Moscow - ‘On measures for the registration of citizens temporarily residing in Moscow’ - dated September 13, 1999, was not published, there were no legitimate grounds for its execution. Article 15 of the Russian Constitution states: Any normative legal acts related to the rights, freedoms and obligations of a person and citizen cannot be applied if they were not published officially in order to be publicly available.

The Council for Legal Expertise (chairman - councilor of justice Mara Polyakova), after conducting an examination of this document, concluded that the Order contradicts the following: Article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1996; Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights; Articles 18, 19, 27 (part 1), 40 (part 1) The order of the Mayor restricts the vital rights of the individual to freedom of movement and residence, establishing in the capital a registration system predicated on the need to obtain official permission. This is laid out in item 1.2.: ‘Chiefs of territorial departments and sections of departments of interior will personally ensure consideration of matters related to the registration of citizens temporarily staying in Moscow. To do so, it is necessary to establish the purpose of the temporary stay in the city.’ That is, the duty is not to register citizens, but to consider matters related to registration - in practice - provide permission for it.

In accordance with the order, citizens’ efforts to set up residence in Moscow can be interfered with against their will. In item 3, the departments of the interior are instructed to take measures to refuse entry into the city to people who did not register their temporary stay in Moscow, turning them away at airports or railway stations; in Article 178 of the Code of Administrative Violations, the penalty for a citizen without a passport or registration is conceived as a fine or warning.

Experts have come to the conclusion that this Order cannot be executed legally, as it is in violation of the Russian Constitution, international legal acts and other governing legislation. It has no legal force, as it was not published officially. Its publication, execution as well as actions of the authorities who are requiring documentary support of citizens’ registration, expelling them from Moscow or interfering with their entry into Moscow because of registration matters, should be considered to be illegal actions.

Along with Order No. 1007 of 13 September 1999, the government of Moscow published Resolution No. 875 on 21 September, ‘On the approval of the temporary order of movement of persons who are violating the rules of registration, out of Moscow to the place of their residence.’ The  ‘Temporary Order...’ delegates to the militia (police) officers the task of uncovering citizens of the Russian Federation and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States who did register, to bring them to duty departments of interior so that they can undertake the administrative responsibility for dealing with the violators and for solving the problem of re-locating them out of Moscow to the place of their permanent residence. Relocation is performed by the bodies of the Moscow department of the interior by means of railway, air and water transport at the expense of the resources of people being relocated, and in case of the lack of such resources - at the expense of the Moscow department of the interior through there sources received in the form of registration fees. Before the relocation to the places of permanent residence the persons, subject to moving out, should be kept at the militia stations. Upon official requests of the Departments of Interior of administrative districts executive bodies of these districts (prefectures) are obliged to provide vehicles for transportation of relocated persons. The same Departments of Interior have to send militia officers for convoying the deportees.

Margarita Petrosyan, an expert with Migration and Law network of the Human Rights Centre Memorial (leader of the network: Svetlana Gannushkina), who prepared an analysis of Resolution No. 875 of 21 September 1999, came to the conclusion that this Moscow government document exceeded its authority and violates Articles 2,11, 15, 27, 55, 56, 72, 76 and a number of other Articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the number of federal laws.

Resumption of military actions in Chechnya and the bombardment of its cities and villages caused an unprecedented flow of refugees, concentrated primarily on the territory of Ingush Republic (Ingushetia). On September 28, the Moscow authorities adopted a document aimed at limiting the appearance of refugees in Moscow - Order No. 1057: ‘Temporary measures for systematizing work with refugees and forced migrants arriving in Moscow, as well as with persons who apply for the corresponding status.’ From now on, forced migrants who have received status in other subjects of the Russian Federation will be officially recorded only if they are registered at the place of residence.

Applications to obtain refugee and forced migrant status are to be considered by the Moscow Migration Services only if the applicants are registered with close relatives. The reason for coming to Moscow must be shown to be the acquisition of status. In this way, refugees and forced migrants who are staying in Moscow and did not register are not only deprived of pensions and benefits, but they can be turned out of the city; and those of the newly arrived who managed to register with close relatives will not obtain status, and consequently pensions and benefits, if they are not able to substantiate the reason for staying.

Since September 15, an anti-terror operation code-named ‘Whirlwind’ (Vikhr) has been underway in Moscow, in which 22,000 employees of the law enforcement bodies have taken part. In addition, 9,000 precinct inspectors from other cities have been sent to Moscow to assist the Moscow militia.

The Deputy Minister of the Interior Igor Zubov stated that ‘Whirlwind’ will be applied not only to Moscow, which suffered from the bombings, but to the whole of the country.

Violation of the right to freedom of movement and selection of the place of residence. Registration Refusals

A three-day period of re-registration turned out to be unreasonable for thousands of people: gathering documents and standing in the queues occupied considerably more time, sometimes up to a week. The ones who undergone a registration had to provide documentary proof of the ‘grounds for their staying in Moscow’, show a labour contract or a reference from the place of work together with the permission to work, which cannot be in principle with those who work at the markets.

In practice, newcomers are registered selectively, with almost all Russians receiving registration, while many Azeris, Armenians, Georgians and others arriving from Transcaucasian Republics and Northern Caucasus are refused; all Chechens are refused, even if there is a complete set of documents required for registration. Ether no explanation is given, or reference is made to an order not to register Chechens. A number of militia officers, including those working with the parole service and passport and visa department, unofficially stated the same - that they had been given verbal orders based on a communication of the head of the Chief Department of the Interior of Moscow to detain and not to re-register Caucasians, Chechens above all. Quite often, the militia have confiscated registration certificates or put a cancellation stamp on them without any clarifications, forcing the owners to leave the city in order not to be detained.

Speaking about the results of re-registration, the head of the passport department of the Chief Department of the Interior of Moscow, Mikhail Serov, stated at a September 22 briefing: ‘We were forced to refuse more than 15,000 people from other cities. They were either unable to explain the reason for their coming to Moscow, show their place of their residence or ... for a number of other reasons.  Seventy-four thousand were able to be re-registered. The rest are awaiting deportation to their place of official registration. A detained violator will sign a document obliging them to leave the city within three days. If he does not leave it, the head of the department of the interior will write an order for his expulsion ... We remove cars which are not parked properly or object traffic, the same is here.’

Dozens of inhabitants of Chechnya who managed to escape the bombing have arrived at the reception center of the Committee of Civic Assistance to Refugees and Forced Migrants Civic in October. They state that efforts are made not to prevent them from leaving Chechnya and Ingushetia. Many Muscovites are afraid to receive the newcomers or at least register them at their places. Those who obey the law and decided to register them are refused registration at the place of their stay in Moscow.

Djamilya Khasbulatova, along with her husband and child, arrived at the town of Lubertsy, Moscow region, at her friend’s house on October 1, 1999. Together with her hostess she went to register at the Ukhtomskoye - 2 Department of the Interior, specifically with the head of the department, Mr. Strukov. However the latter not only refused to allow her registration, but also fined the hostess, and demanded that her guests leave within three days. He stated

The Civic Assistance Committee has been receiving many complaints from refuges and forced migrants recorded at the Moscow migration service, who are registered at the place of temporary stay, but for one reason or another are not living at the address of registration. Generally, this occurs because the migrants can not register where they live due to Moscow’s restrictive registration rules. Militia  then show up, demand their registration documentation, and seeing that it does not correspond to the place occupied, destroy the document and demand that they leave their home, in which many of them have lived since 1990.

Here is how one Moscow Chechen describes the registration of her relative Lomali, coming from Chechnya to allow her children to study: First, together with the owner of the flat she went to the office, registered the documents there, paid the fee and received an invoice. Then she when to the passport desk of the militia. The head of the passport desk told her that for registration she should go to  the Service of Criminal Militia (SCM) to obtain a stamp from the SCM Inspector and precinct inspector. At the SCM her fingerprints and palmprints were taken, then she was photographed in profile, full-face and at full height. The Precinct inspector checked her data according to the address bureau and made some other checks. All those making checks stamped the documents with their approval. After that, she went to the head of the passport desk, who with no explanation stated that he could not register her, that the head of the department would have to decide that. The head of the department also without explanation refused to register her. ‘But how will I live here without registration,’ she asked. ‘Live as you wish, but I cannot register you today,’ was the reply.

Zaynap Sadulaeva, the mother of four children, has lived in Moscow for more than two years. Her 11-year-old son has cancer and is under the constant supervision of the doctors of the oncological centre. Zainap was registered in Moscow at her relatives but lives in a friend’s empty flat. On September 13, a precinct militia inspector from Kozhukhovo Militia Station 138 went to Sadulaeva’s home, took Sadulaeva’s passport and registration certificate and demanded that she immediately leave the flat, threatening that she would be forcibly evicted with the help of OMON. After the call of a Civic Assistance Committee employee, Zaynap’s passport was returned, while the registration certificate was torn to pieces in front of Zaynap s eyes, with the officers behaving rudely and threatening to strike her. Zaynap submitted a complaint to the head of the militia station, but he only repeated the threats to forcibly evict her.

Rafik Gafarov from Baku has official forced migrant status. Without explanation, a cancellation stamp was put on his registration certificate.

Fabrication of criminal cases

As a rule, detentions are conducted by the departments for combatting organized crimes under Moscow’s administrative districts. According to the Moscow Permanent  Representative Mission of the Chechen Republic within a month up to September 14 around  150 persons of Chechen origin were detained and charged under article 222 (illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of weapons, armaments, explosives and explosive devices) and 228 (illegal manufacturing, acquisition, storage, dispatching o r sale of drugs and psychotropic substances)of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; according to the the Society of Chechen and Ingush culture ‘Daimokh’, the respective number exceeded 500 on the same date.

According to the Chairman of the Society of Chechen and Ingush culture ‘Daimokh’ Abuyezid Apaev, on September 10 a group of 8 or 9 persons, three of them in masks, came to the office of the society. Documents of all those present were checked, including those of two visitors, and they were then taken to the Koptevo Department of the Interior. The behavior of the militia and their treatment of those present in the office was provocative, bordering on frank rudeness. To requests to explain the purpose of their visit, not to go out of the framework of the law and not to swear, the leader of the society was told to leave Moscow for Chechnya, and twice the militia threatened that they would find drugs and other prohibited articles (ammunition, weapons etc.) on the premises of the society if the chairman should raise a fuss. The numerous detentions in the preceding days of Chechens who had been found to have drugs or several bullets in the their pocket indicated that there were grounds to take the threats uttered to the members of the society extremely seriously.

In Novoperedelkino (a district of Moscow), Sultan Ismailov, born in Grozny in 1966 and who had been living in Moscow for 13 years, a handicapped person, was stopped near the entranceway to his house. He was stopped by employees of the Department for Combatting Organized Crime of the Central Administrative District of Moscow. Ismailov wore jeans and a shirt, wearing neither jacket or  coat and carrying no packet or bag. He was then taken into the entranceway, where during a personal investigation, a hand grenade and several bullets were allegedly found on him. Ismailov is currently being held in detention at the Butyrka lock-up (investigation prison No.2), and a criminal case has been opened against him under Article 222, Part 1 of the Russian Criminal Code.

Ruslan Musitov, born in 1959, residing in Grozny, is the Deputy Chairman of the Chechen department of the International Human Rights Society. He arrived in Moscow on September 22 to participate in the congress of the Otechestvo political movement, which took place on September 25. He was registered with his relatives at Strogino. At the congress, he was put forth as a State Duma candidate for the 37th electoral district. On September 27 the employees of the District Department for fighting organized crime called R. Musitov out of his flat into the street. There they allegedly found two match boxes with drugs and three bullets. Musitov was detained for three days, then the term of his detention was prolonged up to 10 days, and he was transferred to investigation prison No. 2.

Aslan Gatiev came to Moscow from Khasavurt (Dagestan) 10 years ago. He served in the army. At present, he is completing a Moscow State University science degree and also working. Registered in the flat of his wife, Nailya Pipia, he went to re-register with her on September 17. His turn in the queue came on Sunday, September 19. After opening his passport, the precinct inspector told him that dactiloscopy had to be made to all the Chehenians and took him to the 44th militia station. He did not come back from there. Militia men refused to give any information to Aslan’s  bride. On September 20 a lawyer visited the detained one who was told that Aslan was condemned of keeping drugs: 0.03 grams of heroin were found in his pockets. Nailya Pipia is sure that no drugs were found in Aslan’s  pockets before he set into militia car.

On the night of September 17, personnel of the Chief Department for Combatting Organized Crime detained two Ingushs - Timur Dahkil’gov, born in 1967, working in the dye shop at the Krasny Sukonshik plant, and his relative Bekmarza Sautiev, born in 1959.As their examination had found particles of hexogen on Dahkil’gov’s hands, while in Sautiev’s flat, the search of which was conducted without  witnesses, weapons were found. Sautiev’s wife says that a gun was found in the bathroom after the employee, who conducted the search, took her out of the premises, referring to a ‘small space.’ The director of the Krasny Sukonshik plant told an ‘Izvestia’ newspaper correspondent that an employee of the federal Security Service examined the hands of all painters working in the plant and the results were all the same. The only one arrested was Dahkil’gov. According to the Dahkil’gov’s lawyer, who for a long time was not admitted to see Dahkil’gov, his client were subject to torture in order to obtain confirmation of his alleged connection to the Moscow bombings.

A young Chechen male, who asked to remain anonymous, said: ‘I have been living in Moscow for a long period of time. Unfortunately, an unpleasant incident happened to my brother. Ammunition was stealthily dropped off to him.. After that - look at me, what do you see?’ The pockets of his trousers and jacket, both inside and outside, were stitched up. ‘This is how we live. Thanks to our Department for Combating Organized  Crime. First we were bandits, then became terrorists, and now becoming seamstresses.’

Ira, the wife of a detainee Badrudi Eskiev, spent all of September 15 searching for her detained husband. She found him at the Pechatniki Department of the Interior. She was sent to room 503 where a man in civilian clothes was sitting. Irina’s story: ‘I tell him: ‘I need Eskiev. A man is lost. Where he is?’ He answers, ‘Probably in jail.’ ‘How? Why?’ ‘He is a Chechen, he probably smokes grass, takes  drugs. All Chechens are like that.’ ‘How can you say such things?’ ‘And how is it possible to blow up people’s homes?’ ‘If somebody does that, it does not mean that the whole of the people have to be blamed.’ Then he says, ‘A good Chechen is a dead Chechen. All Chechens have to be killed.’ I started to cry, and said. ‘You are wrong.’ And he said to me, ‘Go away, we shall be discussing that for a while. Come back in three days.’

In the morning on September 16, at the Tekstilshiki department of the Interior, the investigator Avdeeva declared to Ira that her husband was had been detained in a Tekstilshiki street and drugs were found in his pockets, in connection to which a case was taken out against him under Article 122. In reality, Badrudi had been detained early in the morning at home, taken out of bed by militia, put on  thoroughly checked clothes in which nothing was found, and taken away before his wife’s eyes.

Illegal checks, detentions and forcible entrance into premises

In the course of checks in the streets and at residential premises, employees of the bodies of the Ministry of the Interior are detaining and taking to militia stations Caucasians, primarily Chechens, Dagestanis and Azeris. The detainees include people who are permanently residing in Moscow and have registration at the place of residence, refugees from Azerbaijan and Abkhazia permanently living in  Moscow and people temporarily living or working in Moscow with registration at the place of sojourn. During the detentions, militia men often destroy registration certificates. Passports are taken from some of the detainees(usually during checks of residential premises). Some are detained for a long period of time (over three days), and many of them are not given the chance to inform their relatives or friends where they are.  

During a number of checks at militia stations, detainees have been beaten and tortured. In the course of these checks, militia are using words to humiliate the national dignity of Chechens, Azeris and other inhabitants of the Caucasus. Quite often, there have been cases when, in the course of the checks, money and valuables have disappeared from flats and offices. Victims of the militia’s arbitrariness, as a rule, do not apply to procurators offices out of fear of further persecution.

Rezvan, a resident of Ingushetia, has for two months been undergoing treatment at a Moscow hospital. He decided to spend a weekend with his relatives. On Friday his brother sent a car for him. They arrived at his house. Another car stopped nearby. Militia officers in uniforms stepped out of it and said that it was necessary to check people’s documents. They went up to the flat, checked their documents, and then Rezvan and the driver of the car were taken to the 38th department of the militia, where they were put into different cells. Militia officers confiscated and threw away all Rezvan’s medicines prescriptions from the hospital with the words: ‘You bandit, get treatment in Chechnya!’. Then Rezvan’s hands were handcuffed behind his back and attached to the cellar, after which one of the militia men started to beat him in the chest with his knee, and another one - with a stick along his back. In the hospital, two broken ribs were found, but no certificate of the injuries was provided, as such certificates are not provided to people not registered in Moscow.

Khadishat Edilova, along with her two children, is registered at a rented flat in Chistova street. Khadishat’s husband, Il’yas Edilov, was refused registration many times, and on September 20 Khadishat’s efforts to re-register were denied. From the moment of moving to Chistova street, the family had been under the supervision of Precinct Inspector of the Department of the Interior Tekstilshiki Nikolay Pankin. Of late, Pankin’s visits have been accompanied by threats to do everything possible to get them to leave, to put Edilova with her children into a punishment cell, to put a hand grenade stealthily to their flat  if they do not leave Moscow, and to shoot them all if there is another apartment bomb attack in the city.

On September 29 at about 9 p.m., officers of the investigation department took Khadishat, who was ill at the time, to the Tekstilshiki Department of the Interior where she was made to sign papers the content of which she did not have time to determine, and fined.

Besides registration refusals, special attention is being paid to Chechens in the form of mandatory taking of fingerprints and photographs. In particular, such procedures are used for University students, post graduate students and doctoral candidates at higher educational and academic institutes.

Sharafutdin Bisultaniv, a resident of Moscow, has a permanent residence registration in Moscow. He has six children. A precinct militia officer came to his flat and said that according to the instructions of the Department of the Interior of the South West District, all Chechens had to have their fingerprints and photographs taken. For this procedure he was sent to the Northern Butovo Department of the Interior, where his fingerprints, palmprints and photograph were taken.

Magomet Dugaev, a retired military pilot who served for 27 years in the Soviet Army is a resident of Moscow: ‘My finger prints were taken. I went to militia in uniform.

Saidi, a Chechen male: ‘I had lived here since 1996. My permanent residence is in Grozny, although there is nothing left of our street there. I have no possibility of returning to Grozny, as I worked with those authorities, Zavgaev’s. Here in Moscow I had a registration certificate. A week ago a precinct inspector and some woman and one more man came to my place. They came to my place, checked and then took to Altufievskoye Department of Interior where  my finger prints were taken, I was photographed: they told that it was needed. the only thing that I asked them: when you are leading me do not drop anything into my pockets. They took my certificate on registration and nobody saw it afterwards. they say - there were nothing with you. Now I am without a registration. I am trying to leave the house unnoticed, and straight to the car, State automobile inspection is not bothered with the registration, but if you leave the car... I think that this all is anti constitutional, but we have no rights and cannot prove anything. recently my relative was flying from Vnukovo to Ingushetia. 19 persons were taken out of the plane and sent to Ramenskoye department of Interior. But my relative was released, but he was not able to fly away’.

Ismail. ‘My brother is registered near Moscow, but lives in Moscow. On September 13 he was at his workplace. They arrived for him. They put his face toward the wall; they dropped something into his pocket, and afterwards took 1 gram of heroin out of it. There were five of them from the criminal investigation department. They themselves were the witnesses, they themselves prepared a protocol, signed it and took him. He has a wife and a nine-month-old son at home. He was detained on the 13th and the protocol was prepared on the 15th.They were keeping him without anything, illegally, for two days. And from the 15th to the 18th - for three more days. Of course, he was beaten. There was a crowd of people there besides him. It was not possible to sit there, he had to stand. And every half an hour they  were taken one by one upstairs, to the second floor where they were beaten with sticks. Who were the detainees? They were, as they call them there, ‘blacks’ (chorniye) - many Chechens and others, Azeris, everybody from the Caucasus. After three days the documents were taken to the procurator’s office to receive a sanction for the arrest. He did not give it. Then they did the following: they simply pay a penalty of 40 rubles?’ He was fined 40 rubles and released. He took a recognisance not to leave.’

An employee of the Chechen fiscal police on a business trip to Moscow. ‘One day all my documents became invalid. it happened on the 14th. My driver and I were taken to the Regional Department for Combatting Organized Crime. I was trying to find out what had happened, how I had violated the law, and they were saying: ‘All of you Chechens are our enemies, you are attacking our homes.’ I said again, ‘what specifically do you have against me and what does my ethnicity have to do with it?’ He then said: ‘And you are working, receiving money and then sending it to guerrillas!,’ and then returned the documents but with the warning: ‘if you do not leave, if we meet you again in Moscow, we will find drugs in your pockets, as well as explosives and armaments. And my driver was beaten and called a Chechen  toady. Now it is as if I an under house arrest. I do not leave my home without utter necessity. We now have no rights, unprotected and needed to nobody. Such a hunting for us never happened before. Whoever you call - every second one has a story’.

Zara Isaeva, born in 1976, arrived in Moscow for medical treatment. On September 14 she was detained at her home along with her brother’s colleague Musa Vagaev and taken to the Zhulebino Department of the Interior where later her brother Zavlady Isaev was taken. Zara was interrogated, during which a militia officer threatened to hand her over to vagrants to be raped and to put her into a women’s prison. Zara was then inspected, in the course of which she was told to take all her clothes off. She was released after a day. From Zavladi Isaev and Musa Vagaev’s pockets something prohibited was taken and during interrogation they were forced to give testimony by beatings and threats to give Zara to be raped by vagrants.

Response of the federal bodies of state power and the public

The federal bodies of power, as well as the Russian President - the guarantor of Constitution - have practically not responded to what is happening. The person in charge of the General Procurator of the Russian Federation Vladimir Ustinov stated that it was necessary to be understanding toward the actions of the Moscow authorities. State Duma Deputies Sergey Yushenkov, Sergey Kovalev, Edward Vorobiev, Victor Pokhmelkin and others developed a draft resolution for the State Duma ‘On the need of strict observation of the Russian Constitution and Russian legislation in conducting anti-terrorist actions,’ containing recommendations to the government of Moscow to bring its normative acts aimed at preventing terrorist activity into strict conformity with the Constitution and Russian laws. The resolution was not accepted by the State Duma. Sixty-two deputies voted for the document and 136 against it.

On October 6, the authorised representative on human rights (ombudsman) Oleg Mironov declared that registration in Moscow was illegal and is subject to cancellation.

A large-scale militia operation, directed against arrivals from the Caucasus is actively supported by the mass media, which are fostering xenophobia, ‘Caucausophobia’ and ‘Chechenophobia.’

Abuezid Apaev (the chairman of the Chechen-Ingush Society ‘Daimokh’): Anti-Chechen propaganda is bringing its fruits. A five-year-old boy was hit by an egg in the head, a girl was beaten at school near the Sokol metro station.

A Chechen post graduate student of Linguistic University. A month before the defence of her thesis her registration was not extended. Her scientific advisor went to the procurator: ‘Help her. She is a young lady.’ The procurator replied: ‘And who blew up the railway station at Piatigorsk?’

The Moscow TVC channel: ‘Do you agree with regime of registration becoming more strict?’ The answers: Yes - 93.7%, no - 7.9, it is none of my business - 1.9%.