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HR news |
FROM THE CONFLICT ZONE
Bulletin of Human Rights Center «Memorial»
May 2004
(the issue prepared by HRC «Memorial»
in Nazran)
Dear colleagues,
Human Rights Center «Memorial»
offers its ensuing information bulletin based on the results of monitoring the human rights situation in the Chechen Republic.
Your questions and comments, please, send to:
386100 Republic Ingushetia, Nazran, Mutalieva, 46 Human Rights Centre «Memorial»
e-mail: memorial@southnet.ru
phone/fax + 7 (8732) 22 23 49
The Situation in the Chechen Republic and Republic Ingushetia: May 2004
I. Statistics
According to the data of HRC “Memorial” (We are able to carry out monitoring over a limited territory, 25-30 % of Chechnya, thus, the data below is incomplete) in May 2004:
Killed: 22 residents of Chechnya (6 civilians, 4 repres. of power agencies, 2 representatives of civilian authorities; 3 alleged members of military armed formations; unidentified - 7)
Kidnapped: 26 residents of Chechnya
subsequently set free or released for ransom – 3
missing: 23
NB! Due to the specificity of human rights monitoring in the Chechen Republic, it is important to take into consideration the fact that data for the two most recent months are usually incomplete and then updated the following months. Therefore, unfortunately, the figures for murdered and disappeared in May 2004 are likely to grow.
II. From the “Chronicle of Violence”
On May 2, a mop up operation was carried out in Noibera village, Gudermess region. Regional military structures and members of the Security Services of President Kadyrov of the Chechen Republic were called in to take part in this action.
During the course of this special operation Veziev Pakhrudi, aged 50 and resident in Zhukov Street, was detained by “Kadyrov’s men” and taken away to an unknown destination. The accusation was made against Pakhrudi that his son was a member of the Chechen armed resistance.
On May 2, in Alleroi village of Kurchaloevski region a special operation was undertaken by members of Akhmed Kadyrov’s Security Services. Kadyrov’s men set fire to the house of Said-Hasan Turlaev, whose son, according to villagers, belongs to field commander Ahmed Avdarhanov’s group. For a considerable time the members of Kadyrov’s Security Services refused to allow Said-Hasan’s 22-year-old daughter to leave the burning house. Only the intervention of the neighbours saved the girl’s life. The Buzurkaev family’s house was also burnt. Their son also belongs to the ranks of the armed troops of the Chechen Republic Ichkeria.
Kadyrov’s men detained many local inhabitants, including school-age boys. Some were released after questioning, but 9 people, all relatives of members of the Illegal Armed Forces were taken hostage:
Sheikh-Akhmed Buzurkaev, 50
Ramzan Avdarkhanov, 70
Ahmed Avdarkhanov
Aslan Butzugov, 25
Arsen Minkailov, 24
Isa El’siev, 32
3 members of the Aisultanov family
Ramzan Avdarkhanov was ill and was released on the first day, as they were afraid he might die, but was soon taken in again. On the same day the wooded hills around Alleroi village were sweep-searched by members of the local military, as information had been received from the military base at Khankala that there were corpses in the wood. Indeed, four corpses were discovered at the indicated location and another buried nearby. The bodies were transported to the Regional Department of Internal Affairs at Kurchaloevski. It was possible to identify three of them: they were Ruslan Rasulovich Suleimanov and Ramzan Madarsoltovich Bamatkhadzhiev from Ishkhoi-Yurt village, and Burchaev from Yalkhoi-Mokhk village (whose relative, probably uncle, is a Federal Security Service officer in Khankala). It was not possible to identify the other two bodies: purportedly they were inhabitants of Dagestan.
Of the relatives of the members of the Illegal Armed Forces who had been taken into hostage: Aslan Butsugov was released on 4 May; Isa El’siev on 6 May and Arsen Minkailov on 3 May. Sheikh-Akhmed Buzurkaev and Ramzan Avdarkhanov were also released, as was one member of the Aisultanov family. As of the end of May there was no information about the fate of the other hostages.
On May 4, in Alleroi village, Kurchaloevski region, a local woman, Taus Buzurkaeva (born 1959) was arrested without the Procurator’s sanction by troops of the Kurchaloevski Regional Department of Internal Affairs (under the command of Roman Ediev, formerly a member of Akhmed Kadyrev’s Security Services). She was accused of being the mother of a member of the Illegal Armed Forces (IAF). On 2 May 2004 her home was burnt down by members of A Kadyrov’s Security Services.
The day before, Akhmad Kadyrov had emphasised, at a memorial service at the Yamadaevs’ house in Gudermes, that he would punish all relatives, and even neighbours, of those who had been part of the Illegal Armed Forces. Taus Buzurkaeva is being held at the Temporary Isolation Unit at the Kurchaloevski Regional Department of Internal Affairs.
On May 8, at 23:00 Ramzan Musaevich Shaipov, born 1974, was abducted from his home at 23 Lenin Street in Chiri-Yurt village, Shalinski region, by Russian-speaking, unidentified, armed men in camouflage uniform.
During Shaipov’s detention violence was used against his relatives. So Shaipov’s wife Aishat, who rushed to her husband’s assistance, had her throat crushed and her mouth and nose covered with a hand. The soldier continued to choke her until she began to lose consciousness. Then her hands were tied with tape.
The attackers forcibly struck the Shaipovs’ three-year-old son in the face and threw their small baby, who was asleep, onto the floor. Only then they led the detained Ramzan Shaipov out to the street and took him away to an unknown destination. Aishat ran out after the kidnappers. She saw the kidnappers making their escape in unmarked vehicles – “Niva”, “Zhiguli-7” and “Gazel’”.
According to the accounts of local inhabitants, there were at the time two armoured personnel carriers stationed on the edge of the village. The soldiers who came in them broke into the houses of the Shaipovs’ neighbours, the Astamirov and Aidamirov families, and went on the rampage. During this they beat up 78-year-old Aldan Astamirov and frightened his grandsons who were asleep with him. Only then did the soldiers leave the village. The column of vehicles, comprising several unmarked cars an two armoured troop carriers, set off towards the settlement of Novye Atagi.
The relatives of the abducted man went on the same day to the Regional Department of Internal Affairs in Shalinski region. They are convinced that there could be no allegation against Ramzan Shaipov, who was exclusively occupied with his own smallholding and did not get involved in any other business. He had been detained once before, and although on that occasion everything had been sorted out satisfactorily, his relatives were very anxious about his fate. On 10 and 11 May Shaipov’s fellow villagers, incensed by this arbitrary event, set up a barricade on the road between Novye Atagi and Chiri-Yurt and refused to let vehicles pass.
The inhabitants of Chiri-Yurt blocked the road for a week, demanding Shaipov’s release. Soldiers tried to disperse the picket by opening fire with automatic weapons, firing near the feet and above the heads of the crowd. However the civilians were in a decisive mood and and did not give way. The soldiers and the picketing villagers began to argue. Unable to get their way, the soldiers were obliged to withdraw. Nonetheless the official Checeh authorities have not responded to the demands of the inhabitants of Chiri-Yurt.
On May 9, at 10:35 there was an explosion in Grozny at the Dinamo Stadium where official celebrations were taking place to mark Victory Day. The epicentre of the blast was directed at the tribune for guests, which at the time included the Head of the Republic Akhmad Kadyrov, the Chairman of the State Council of the Chechen Republic Hussein Isaev and the Commander of the Unified Troops General Valeri Baranov, amonst others.
At 10:55 the first casualties began to arrive at the City Hospital No 9. For the most part those admitted were suffering from blast wounds, splinter wounds to the head and face and wounds to the skull and brain. In all there were 44 wounded and 3 dead (Kadyrov, Isaev and the journalist Adlan Khasanov. It is interesting to note that on the admissions list the only name to appear on the list of those killed was that of Adlan Khasanov; the other two – Isaev and Kadyrov – were listed as “corpse/corpse”. In the hours following the explosion the doctors were afraid to admit that Kadyrov was dead). The wounded were for the most part members of the Administration, soldiers and policemen (7 people). Later it was announced officially that as a result of the blast there were 63 casualties of whom 6 had died.
On May 9, at approximately 21:00 in Goi-Chu village of Urus-Martanovski region, members of the Russian armed forces, who arrived in two unmarked “YAZ” vehicles (one a minbus), detained local inhabitant Zelimkhan Isaev, born 1979 and resident at Sverdlov Street.
According to his relative, the gunmen broke into the house without identifying themselves and without explanation, took Zelimkhan out onto the street, put him into a car and drove off towards the town of Urus-Martan. The relatives drove after the abductors. However they were unable to establish where Zelimkhan had been driven to. The next day they received information that Zelimkhan had been taken to the Temporary Isolation Unit at the Urus-Martan Regional Department of Internal Affairs.
On May 10, at midday, in Goi-Chu village, members of the Federal armed forces carried out a search at the Isaev family home. Witnesses confirmed that the search lasted for nearly three hours and that nothing illegal was found. Then one of the soldiers put a hand-made grenade under the mattress of the bed in the room where Isaev slept. After that the armed men left.
On 11 May it became known that Isaev’s health was causing serious concern. Zelimkhan had been severely beaten and had been subjected to torture. Under physical pressure he had signed a document admitting to taking part in sabotaging military equipment in Grozny. A doctor, summoned by the Temporary Isolation Unit at the Urus-Martan Regional Department of Internal Affairs, recommended immediate hospitalisation.
It was expected that Zelimkhan would be hospitalised that day at the Urus-Martan Central Regional Hospital. This did not happen for reasons which are not clear.
On 12 May Isaev was admitted as an in-patient at the Urus-Martan Central Regional Hospital. The doctors established that Zelimkhan’s inner organs were badly damaged by beating, he had three broken ribs and numerous traces of torture (electric burns). At the hospital a guard was mounted by members of the Urus-Martan Regional Department of Internal Affairs.
On 16 May after examination by doctors from the Federal Security Service, the guard was removed. Zelimkhan’s relatives were allowed to take him to the hospital in Nazran’ (Republic of Ingushetia). Zelimkhan died that night, immediately after arriving at the hospital. Doctors at the Nazran’ hospital extablished that Zelimkhan Isaev died from the beatings and torture received the previous day.
On May 16, in the village Kurchaloi the Magomadov home, on Kurchaloevskaya Street, received a visit from two members of the Security Services of the President of the Chechen Republic, stationed in the village of Geldagan. They brought with them a note from their son Yakub Magomedov, born 1967. In the note Yakub informed them that he was in Chechnya and asked them to arrange a ransom. However the members of the Security Services explained to the Magomadovs that their son was in fact at the military base in Khankala, where he had been brought from Moscow.
Since 2000 Yakub Magomadov has been searching for his brother Ayubkhan Magomadov, who had been kidnapped by the Russian military. In the autumn of 2003 Yakub had travelled to Taganrog, as he had received information that Ayubkhan was there in Temporary Isolation Unit No 2. However at the Unit he was refused any information about his brother, taken inside the isolation unit, where he was laughed at and humiliated for an hour, then put in a car, taken to a point out of town, severely beaten up, robbed of US $3,000 and left. Yakub managed with great difficulty to get back to the road and on to the nearest village, where he found people from his own village. With their help he made his way back to Kurchaloi, where he was immediately hospitalised and diagnosed with “concussion, multiple scratches and bruises”. On his recovery Yakub returned to Moscow where he had lived since 1992.
Yakub Magomadov had been last in touch with his relatives by telephone on 19 April 2004. Subsequently all contact with him was lost. Having received the note, his relatives went to the military base at Khankala, where they were told that Yakub Magomadov was not being held there.
On May 23, at about 21:00 at the entrance of Katyr-Yurt villlage of Achkhoi-Martan Region, Russian soldiers at control point No 186 stopped a Kamaz lorry carrying a load of diesel fuel. The vehicle was accompanied by 5 members of Kadyrov’s Security Services, including Ibrahim Umatgirievich Dishniev, born 1977, Umar Alaudinovich Kheikharoev and Timur Musaevich Khil’dikhoroev, born 1972. The soldiers demanded 3000 rubles to allow the vehicle to pass through the control point. “Kadyrov’s men” beat p the soldiers and passed on. The injured soldiers radioed through to the Achkhoi-Martan military command to inform them of the incident. On arrival at the village of Achkhoi-Martan soldiers in two armoured troop carriers and a Ural vehicle were waiting for “Kadyrov’s men”. An officer of the Federal Security Service suggested that the members of the Security Services disarm and follow them to Military Command. Instead of this, Ibrahim Dishniev (inhabitant of Yandi village) knocked the officer to the ground and began to beat him up. The officer managed to reach his pistol and shot at Dishniev several times, mortally wounding him. Subsequently a fire fight ensued between Kadyrov’s men and the soldiers. As a result Umar Kheikharov and Timur Khil’dikhoroev (both from Assinovskaya station) were killed. From among the soldiers an officer of the Federal Security Service was killed and three men were wounded. The two remaining “Kadyrovtsy” fled the scene. Shortly after a helicopter arrived at the scene of the incident and took the wounded for transportation to the military hospital at Mozdok.
On May 27, at 5 am in the village of Gekhi, Urus-Martanovsky district, the personnel of Russian power agencies broke into the house of Soltakhanov family, domicile address Kujbisheva street, 50.
At that time, the head of the family, Soltakhanov Avgan was in the yard, washing before the morning prayer. The military men who arrived by three unmarked YAZ cars, leaped into the yard over the fence. Avgan was put in front of the house wall with gun targeted at him. The military men entered the house and carried out an unsanctioned search, beat up mentally handicapped Soltakhanov Lechi, hit his mother, Supiyat Mutaeva, who tried to protect Lechi, and hit on the face Eliza, the wife of Supiyat’s second son. After the search the military servicemen took out Soltakhanov Muslim, born 1987, put him in car and drove off to unknown direction. The relatives were not informed about the reasons for the detainment, or the place of detainment. According to Soltakhanovs, although the military servicemen spoke Russian (mostly swearing), there were ethnic Chechens among them.
On the fact of kidnapping the relatives filed a complaint to Urus-Martanovsky ROVD. The militiamen responded that they had nothing to do with the detainment and Soltakhanov is not detained at ROVD. In the district prosecution, Soltakhanovs’ application was rejected. Then Sapiyat Mutaeva turned to the district administration for help. There she was informed that her son had been kidnapped by RUBOP (regional department for combat on organised crime).
As of early June the whereabouts of Soltakhanov Muslim were unknown.
For full version of the “Chronicle of Violence” for March 2004 in Russian, please, consult our web site at http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/rubr/2/index.htm
Work of Courts in the Chechen Republic
Human Rights Center “Memorial” provides legal assistance to the Chechen civilians in their applications to courts. In the section “work of courts” we analyze the major problems the Chechen civilians encounter in their attempts of protect their rights.
Rejection of applications as a form of inactivity of judicial system
On of the wide spread forms of inactivity of judicial system is rejection of applications from civilians, whose rights have been violated, either with reference to courts overload or without explaining the grounds for rejection. Particularly often this happens in cases when there exists strong evidence leading to representatives of power agencies committing the crimes. Thus, the applicant is deprived of her right to fair trial already at the initial stage.
On May 2004 Mrs. Kh. Kaplanova turned to “Memorial” office in Grozny for help. In May 2001 Kaplanova’s son and son-in-law, Kaplanov Isa and Sadulaev Ruslan were kidnapped. Both there kidnapped from their home located in Grozny, domicile address: Voronezhskaya street, 76 by two representatives of Department of Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Morozov and Tikhonov. The kidnappers arrived by armed personnel carrier. Consequently the Kaplanov and Sadulaev went missing. Kaplanova was acknowledged a victim.
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In the last three years Kh. Kaplanova held correspondence with the law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic. Having lost hope in effective investigation of crime, she decided to file application to court for ineffectiveness of prosecution according to article 125 Criminal-Procedural Code of the RF. However, the court of Zavodskoj district of Grozny rejected her application without providing reasons for the rejection.
- In May 2004 Mrs. S. Israilova turned to HRC “Memorial” in Grozny. According to Israilova since March 2004 the court of Leninsky district of Grozny had been rejecting her application for determining the legal fact of her son, Yansuev Il’yas going missing , according to article 264 Civilian Procedural Code of the Russian Federation.
Civilians R. Vakhaeva and M. Menkaev turned to HRC “Memorial” in Urus-Martan with a similar problem. Urus-Martanovsky Municipal Court rejected their applications on facts of kidnappings of their relatives.
“Memorial” has registered cases of turned down applications in the courts of Grozny, Shalinsky and Urus-Martanovsky districts as well as the Supreme Court of the Chechen Republic, The Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases of the Chechen Republic, Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases of the Chechen Republic.
Closing tent camps in Ingushetia
The closing of last tent camp Satsita on the territory of Ingushetia had been planned for early June. Until the end of May the IDPs had to return to Chechnya or to move from “Satsita” to the places of compact settlement “Rassvet” and “Oskanovskie Garages” near Sleptsovsk.
The methods for closing the last tent camp in Ingushetia can be called neither forced nor voluntary. The closure of “Satsita” was announced in advance, and from the example of other camps, the IDPs knew that if the plan to close camps exists, it will be definitely closed. Thus, they agreed to move to Chechnya or to other compact settlements in Ingushetia. Particularly, since instead of threats, the migration services offered quite substantial benefits. According to IDPs, the families, returning to Chechnya were promised:
Returning the debt for humanitarian aid (some families had not received humanitarian aid for several months, so getting the whole package at once was significant);
Priority treatment in reviewing their applications for compensations for destroyed housing;
Providing temporary shelter (plywood houses) for the period of construction works;
Financial bonus 1,000-1,500 rubles per person for those, who return to Chechnya.
For residents of “Satsita”, most of whom had no income and live on pensions and children’s subsidies, the benefits offered by migration services seemed significant. Moreover, recently, in Ingushetia the cases of kidnappings and disappearances of people became more frequent. Thus, in the conditions of insecurity, continuation of refugee life in compact settlements for many seemed meaningless.
Apart from already existing temporary residence centers, the migration services claimed that in a destroyed village Bamut was organized a comfortable compact settlement for those families, who had decided to return to Achkhoi-Martanovsky district of Chechnya. These families had been allocated plywood houses, all the administrative buildings of Satsita camp (bathhouse, school and the mosque) were also being moved there. The head of migration service of the Chechen Republic assured “Memorial” monitors that there will be no residential tents in Bamut; tents will be only used for storage, should the families choose.
On June 12, representatives of HRC “Memorial” visited Bamut. On the site of a fully leveled settlement we discovered two tent camps- 20 tents in village Bamut and 9 tents in village Bamut-1. Only men live in these tents, since the conditions are not suitable children and women. There is no electricity, gas or water; the closest inhabited settlements, where one could buy food and receive medical aid (Assinovskaja and Achkhoj-Martan) are located 8 and 10 kilometers from Bamut. The tents leak when it rains, there is no heating: the tents are not equipped with stoves, moreover, collecting firewood is dangerous- the nearby forests were land mined during military actions of 2000-2001. In addition, such an isolated area is insecure. Thus, on June 10 the village happened to be in the zone of artillery fire, as a result, one of the villagers had all his hey burnt, which he had prepared for the winter.
According to the locals, on March 27, 2004 on the initiative of the head of local government in Bamut was organized a meeting of residents. During the meeting the villagers, most of whom at the time were IDPs in Ingushetia, were suggested to return to Chechnya and promised electrification and gasification of their settlement, fixed roads, compensations for the destroyed housing and temporary shelter for the time of reconstruction works. Such a perspective looked attractive to many families, exhausted by refugee life in Ingushetia. However, in may 2004, when the first families returned to Bamut, they were distributed packed tents, which they were offered to assemble on their own on two sites in the middle of ruins. This was the end of state assistance to Bamuters.
Since tent camps have been closed in Ingushetia, the problem of forced migrants is concealed from the eyes of independent observers and press. People are left alone to fight for survival face to face with severe conditions of Chechen highlands.
Situation in Prigorodny District of North Osetia: May 2004
In the fall of 1992 in Prigorodny district of North Osetia-Alania broke out a short but very ferocious armed conflict between the Ingushis and the Osetians. According to different estimates 35-60, 000 Ingush were expelled from their historic homeland in Prigorodny district of North Osetia-Alania and the capital city of Vladikavkaz; the majority of them fled to the neighboring Ingushetia. For 11 years now Ingush forced migrants waiting for the chance to return home have been fighting for survival in tents, trucks and barracks of the refugee camps.
On October 11, 2002 the Presidents of Ingushetia and North Osetia signed The Agreement for Promoting Cooperation and Neighborly Relations between the republics. HRC “Memorial” monitors the implementation of the agreement and human rights situation in the area and will inform you on the developments in the region
I. Education in the conflict zone
A serious role in perpetuation of ethnic tensions in Prigorodny district is played by separate schooling practiced in some villages (eg. Chermen, Tarskoje). The decision to introduce separate education for Ingush and Osetian children was taken by the authorities out of fear of possible conflicts on ethnic grounds at school.
In May 2004, HRC “Memorial” carried out monitoring of secondary education in Prigorodny district and visited eight schools: Chemen school #1 (Osetian), Chermen school # 2 (Osetian), Chermen school # 3 (Ingush), Kurtat secondary school (mixed), Dongaron secondary school (mixed), Dachnoje secondary school (Ingush), Tarskoje secondary school # 1 (Ingush), Tarskaja secondary school # 1 (Osetian ), Tarkskaja school # 1 (Osetian), Tarskaja secondary school # 2 (Ingush).
Among general problems with secondary education in the area of liquidation of Ingush-Osetian conflict, two most serious should be identified:
Weak technical - material base
All of the above mentioned schools were damaged during the conflict of 1992: the buildings were damaged, the libraries burnt down, school equipment was looted or broken. “In November 19992”, I was personally collecting measuring glasses in the nearby fields. Everything had been broken, looted, - said the director of Dongaron secondary school, Khetaguriv Elisbar.
In twelve years the buildings have been restored, however, the technical equipment of schools has not been restored. The major problem in schools is lack of textbooks and literature in the libraries, lack of equipment for chemistry, physics, biology, geography labs, poor equipment for sport gyms. Th level of unemployment among both Ingush and Osetian population is very high, thus parents cannot afford to buy children books. Thus, the educational process is going on without teaching materials or necessary equipment.
The problem of psychological and physical health of the children
According to the school teachers, the conflict, and the ensuing years of ethnic tensions have had enormous impact on the health of the children, which in its turn, has resulted in drastic decrease in the quality of knowledge. Among the pupils of secondary schools of Prigorodny district were registered frequent cases of diseases of thyroid gland, arthritis , neurosis, dispersed attention and memory failures. Besides, many children, have anemia, the cases of lost consciousness as a result of malnutrition have become frequent.
In Osetian schools and schools of mixed education, a group of special concern are children-refugees from North Osetia and the inner regions of Georgia. These children have a bad command of the Russian language, their underprivileged families, living in barracks and hostels are unable to provide their pupils with everything necessary for the school. Such children often suffer from anemia and neurosis, are often ill.
In Ingush schools there is an urgent problem of access to village libraries. In villages Chermen and Tarskoje the libraries are located in the Osetian parts of villages, and Ingush parents are afraid to send children there. In Kurtat school of mixed education, the Ingush children have possibility to participate in republican school Olympic games1: “At the moment we are afraid to send Ingush children to Vladikavkaz. Although there are very strong candidates among them.”
Generally, high level of ethnic tensions among youth remains in those villages, where the education of Ingushis and Osetian is separate. Thus, in Tarskoje village, the contacts of young people of Ingush and Osetian nationality are almost null. In May 2004, the Osetian and Ingush children, for the first time played football together. Interestingly, the Osetian kids arrived to the Ingush part of the village themselves and offered to play. However, soon the matches were stopped. “There games will do nothing good”, explained to “Memorial” monitors the teachers of (Osetian) school # 1 “Sooner or later they will lead to fights”. In June the Osetian teenagers were forbidden by the adults to play football with the Ingushis.
According to the directors of schools with mixed education (Kurtat, Dongaron), there are no conflicts on ethnic grounds among pupils of Ingush and Osetian nationality.
II. Peacemaking in the conflict zone
In May 2004 in the village Chermen, Human rights center “Memorial” organized a contest of school essays, dedicated to the 59-th anniversary of the Victory of USSR in the second World War. The aim of the contest was to support and develop interest of teenagers in the history of Russia; to encourage research of the role of families, neighbors and relatives in the victory of the second world war.
In the contest participated the pupils of 7-9 grade of Chermen schools #2 (Osetian ) and # 3 (Ingush). The ceremony took place in the Osetian school. The pupils, teachers and parents from both schools were invited, along with Ingush and Osetian TV and war veterans from both sides. The atmosphere at the ceremony was very open and sincere.
1 A competition in between best pupils from different schools usually in math, science, foreign language.
